Double Comparative in English Grammar

Twofold Comparative in English Grammar The twofold near is the utilization of both more (or less) and the postfix - er to show the similar type of a descriptive word or verb modifier. In present-day standard English, twofold comparatives, (for example, increasingly simpler) are generally viewed as utilization blunders, however the development is as yet heard in specific tongues. Models Somewhere in the range of a people think Im more moronic than them since I dont talk so great, however they just know one language and meI talk a two. (Marjorie Bartholomew Paradis, Mr. De Lucas Horse, 1962)I was more tireder than any other time in recent memory Id been a major part of my life, wore out past exhaustion. (Ron Rash, One Foot in Eden. Macmillan, 2004)But the main thing I got the opportunity to let you know, in the event that you take a canine and kick him around hes got the opportunity to be alert, hes got the chance to be more honed than you. Indeed, weve been kicked around for a long time. Were not increasingly more intelligent, were progressively alert. (Mordecai Richler, Barneys Version. Chatto Windus, 1997)Repose you there; while I to this hard house-More harder than the stones whereof tis raised. (Kent to King Lear in Act Three, scene 2, of King Lear by William Shakespeare) The Taboo Against This Belt-and-Suspenders Usage Twofold correlation is untouchable in Standard English with the exception of fun: Your cooking is more delectable than my moms. I can see all the more better with my new glasses. These represent the exemplary twofold relative, with the periphrastic more or generally used to escalate a descriptive word or qualifier previously bent for the similar or standout. A belt-and-suspenders use, this is a once-Standard however now inadmissible development (like the twofold negative) that represents once more our affinity for exaggeration. Shakespeare (the most unkindest cut of all) and other Renaissance scholars utilized twofold correlation with include power, excitement, and accentuation, thus do little youngsters and other unwary speakers of Nonstandard English today. (Kenneth G. Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993) The Double Comparative in Early Modern English As was valid in before times likewise, a decent numerous occurrences of twofold correlations like progressively fitter, all the more better, increasingly more attractive, generally most exceedingly awful, generally stillest, and (presumably the most popular model) most unkindest happen in early Modern English. The general standard was that correlation could be made with the closure or with the altering word or, for accentuation, both. (Thomas Pyles and John Algeo, The Origins and Development of the English Language. Harcourt, 1982) More and most were generally not relative markers, yet intensifiers (as they despite everything are in such articulations as a most agreeable night). In EMnE [Early Modern English], this heightening capacity was felt considerably more unequivocally; subsequently authors didn't think that its ungrammatical or pleonastic to utilize both a similar intensifier and s from Shakespeare remember for the calmest and most stillest night and against the jealousy of less more joyful grounds. (C.M. Millward, A Biography of the English Language, second ed. Harcourt Brace, 1996) More Doubles in English Grammar Twofold NegativeDouble Superlative

Game changers in the us economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Distinct advantages in the us economy - Essay Example Moving through in excess of twelve potential distinct advantages to help this languid development, five such speculations have been distinguished as achievable for US advertise. These five will go about as an impetus for the US showcase and resuscitate it from this discouraging state. These five can additionally be plunged into: Shale vitality, information concentrated exchange, enormous information, framework, ability improvement. Shale, information, and framework will end up being the best distinct advantages to help resuscitate US from this critical stage and the entirety of the five will give a solid establishment to long haul development and seriousness. Shale vitality is the creation of petroleum gas and light close oil extricated from profound grounds. It is too expensive to even think about extracting these vitality assets yet US having the fourth greatest Shale gas assets needs to use it appropriately with the goal that they can enter the market in like manner. The creation of flammable gas and light close oil is now blasting in places like Dakota, Texas, and Pennsylvania as the a few partners have understood the significance of the vitality as far as prudent advancement. Whenever used appropriately then it could include a possible increase in $380-$690 billion to yearly GDP by 2020. What's more, this will thusly produce an extra 1.7 million occupations. In addition, by delivering their own vitality from characteristic assets the US imports will lessen to zero. In any case, alongside that the natural hazard should likewise be controlled to completely understand its latent capacity.

Management Theory and Practice for Theory- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about theManagement Theory and Practicefor Agency Theory. Answer: Presentation Different elements decide the achievement of an association. Authoritative speculations help associations to distinguish the issues and present examples and structures that augment the proficiency of critical thinking procedures and builds profitability. This report fundamentally investigations the different speculations of authoritative activity and talks about the chance of consolidating the hypotheses as one all inclusive hypothesis. Basic Analysis of Agency and Determinist Theories in Organizational activity Office Theory Office hypothesis portrays the administration of connections between the individuals who are setting the work and the individuals who are accomplishing the work. At the point when an individual recruits somebody to accomplish a work, he makes a relationship with the individual employed (Ashkanasy Humphrey, 2011). The individual recruits when the person in question can't accomplish the work or isn't eager to do it. This hypothesis alludes the employing party as the head and the recruited party as the operator. In the corporate division, the investors are the chief who moves the activity to the administration to carry out the responsibilities for their sake. These administration individuals are the operators of the investors. This hypothesis expresses that each individual be the head or the specialist is inspired to work to satisfy its personal circumstances. This is the primary downside of the hypothesis. In the event that both the gatherings work for their personal circumstance, at t hat point the inspiration of specialists will definitely strife with the objective set by the head. Principals anticipate that specialists should satisfy the objectives set by them and work exclusively for the enthusiasm of the objective (Bergeron et al. 2013). Organization Loss is the standard for estimating the contrast between the normal consequences of the objective set by the head and the real results, which the operators bring by their strategy. Office misfortune becomes most noteworthy when the specialist doesn't successfully satisfy the objective yet work just for satisfying its personal circumstances. Both the gatherings are answerable for limiting the organization misfortune. Head and operator can limit the office misfortune by sharing normal interests. The chief can lessen office misfortune by understanding the results of the operator's activity. The primary test of this hypothesis is to set a standard for specialists' activities in corporate level so the operators work for the objective of the chief by putting aside their personal responsibility (Berry, Carpenter Barratt, 2012). In Agency connections, the specialists ought to have moral duties regarding their activity and just can't deny them since they go about as operators for their principals. Instances of office connections in money incorporate Investment investors who go about as specialists for their principals or the customers and the monetary counselors who go about as operators for their customers or principals. Organization hypothesis is a disputable hypothesis however it has enormous significance. Williamson in 1985 recognized that specific people showed artful conduct and not the whole mass. Henceforth, he proposed associations create techniques for screening the dependability of the representatives (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). Slope in 1990 expressed that even in a circumstance where everybody is slanted to act entrepreneurially, there would be people who will never break trust and work with co-activity. Donaldson in 1990 condemned this hypothesis as less created and a misrepresenting philosophy. He expressed that this hypothesis dismisses other research works and it has an extremely limited meaning of work inspiration (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). As per him, it has strength in hierarchical financial aspects and corporate administration protectiveness. He saw that associations ignored the conventional authoritative hypotheses and with respect to conduct and reliability and to ok a shot at creating suppositions. Perspectives are diverse for the supporters of this hypothesis. For instance, Podrug in 2010 expressed that controlling individual conduct prompts more grounded astute conduct, lessens reliability lastly brings about doubt. Tipuric in 2008 upheld this hypothesis expressing that the expectations of operators are clear when the head and the specialists have regular interests (Sevenpillarsinstitute.org, 2017). Populace Ecology This hypothesis has confronted numerous reactions. Youthful in 1988 and Donaldson in 1995 expressed that this hypothesis is uncertain and does not have a general concurrence on the meanings of the key develops. Youthful expressed that the specialties, idleness or paces of ecological change are difficult to comprehend and depict. As there is a lacking of the exact meaning of the develop, normal conceptualization over the field is troublesome and it isn't doable to sum up various settings (Chiang Hsieh, 2012). Then again, Singh and Lumsden in 1990 expressed that the analysis of the absence of control wide definition isn't helpful in light of the fact that as indicated by them these builds are utilized in different trains and doesn't have a useful definition in those fields likewise (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). There are likewise issues with the application and system of this hypothesis. The hypothesis can be characterized into two principle types dependent on the technique for popula ce order. One arrangement is of Hannan and Freeman. As indicated by them as associations are not the same subsequently, scientists need to characterize hierarchical structures as per the exploration issue. McKelvey expressed that every association and populace ought to have diverse logical orders. The hypothesis faces analysis on the demography of the associations that the specialists inspect (Chun et al. 2013). Astley and Van de Ven in 1983 and Perrow in 1986 expressed that the hypothesis just arrangements with littler associations in light of the fact that greater associations are invulnerable to a determination procedure. Then again, numerous scholars thought about this analysis as limited. Caroll in 1984 and Barnett in 1990 expressed that specialists have additionally analyzed huge and incredible associations for its size reliance, control in innovative frameworks and size-based division of populace. Van Witteloostuijn in 2000 expressed that this hypothesis needs itemized examin ation on the grounds that there is center around enormous scope quantitative investigations. Delacroix and Caroll in 1983 expressed that hierarchical subsidizing investigations of this hypothesis are restricted in light of the fact that they don't think about fruitless discoveries. Astley and Van De Ven in 1983 expressed that this hypothesis is an excess of deterministic (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). Auxiliary Contingency Theory This hypothesis expresses that one structure doesn't fit all associations. The structure that fits certain possibilities are the best structures (Colquitt, Lepine Wesson, 2011). Galunic and Eisenhardt in 1994 expressed that this hypothesis is static and can't manage changes in the association. Then again, Parsons in 1961 expressed that this hypothesis depends on a functionalist custom of sociology and considers associations fit to adjust to evolving situations (Freepatentsonline.com, 2017). As per Hamilton and Shergill an association in fit is profoundly profitable which prompts its extension of size. Chandler, then again, expressed that this extension causes an adjustment in possibilities, which is a nonconformist in existing structure and henceforth prompts low execution. SARFIT is a procedure portrayed in the principle hypothesis of auxiliary possibility, which indicates basic adjustment to recapture fit. There is a differentiation between the principle basic hypothesis and SARFIT . The auxiliary hypothesis is a harmony hypothesis where associations are portrayed as accomplishing fit and afterward in balance. SARFIT then again considers associations as briefly fit until there is an excess of possibilities brought about by its development. Pundits of this hypothesis contend that it's anything but a decent recommendation for the associations to change as indicated by the adjustment in possibilities in light of the fact that the possibilities itself change to fit with the association (De Wit, Greer Jehn, 2012). Institutional Theory This hypothesis gives a rich and complex perspective on associations. It considers the interior and outside variables influencing associations. This hypothesis is a remunerating hypothesis for an association since it gives significantly more significance to the partners for choosing the authenticity of an association, in contrast to different speculations (DuBrin, 2013). This hypothesis is considered as the best-fit methodology. Rowan analyzed that this hypothesis and discovered that an association is consistent and dependable when there is co-activity in its condition. Tolbert and Zucker likewise bolstered this hypothesis that associations under tension receive changes rapidly. Di Maggio and Powell expressed that the institutional weights increment the homogeneity of hierarchical structures. Asset Dependency Theory This hypothesis depicts the hierarchical terms regarding those assets that the associations need to endure. It is a valuable hypothesis for depicting the distinctions of intensity across associations and the selection of techniques (Eatough et al. 2011). As per a few scholars, this hypothesis is the fundamental motivation behind why some charitable associations have marketed more. Hillman et al. (2009), Davis and Cobb (2010), Drees Heugens (2013), Sharif Yeoh (2014) have talked about the significance of this hypothesis in impacting authoritative conduct through partnerships, joint endeavors, mergers and acquisitions (Hrmguide.co.uk, 2017). The hypothesis has gotten numerous reactions. Donaldson in 1995 expressed that as the hypothesis centers around the pertinence of intensity structures it ignored financial matters and proficiency factors that impact hierarchical conduct. Tolbert in 1985 expressed that the protest that this hypothesis gets on account of its convergence of material assets isn't completely obvious. Johnson in 1995 expressed that the hypothesis can be reached out to incorporate emblematic assets. Clegg in 1998 expressed that the hypothesis isn't right founded on a restricted idea of intensity controlling target assets. The

The Air Pollution Report

Air contamination is a significant issue confronting our condition today. This difficulty is hurtful to each and every living animal on this planet. How might we limit the reasons for air contamination? There are mechanical just as private reasons for air contamination. How might we limit the impacts of air contamination? We as a whole realize it influences the earth, yet do we as a whole realize it additionally can influence us legitimately? How might we control air contamination? Is the legislature carrying out its responsibility to ensure us? Air contamination can be characterized as polluting influence of the air. Air contamination is surrounding us. It probably won't be as plainly obvious in certain zones as others yet the truth of the matter is that air contamination is still there influencing us somehow or another, shape, or structure. It has been known to cause sickness or potentially demise. Numerous individuals don't know about this. There are two fundamental driver of air contamination. One of the primary driver is regular contamination. â€Å"Natural contamination is windblown residue, dust, mist, and so on † The other fundamental driver is individuals contamination. â€Å"People contamination is the central concern and most genuine structure. The vast majority of individuals contamination is brought about by industry, vehicles, trucks, and planes. † The reasons for air contamination continue endlessly. There are private causes and mechanical causes. Private causes are those, for example, vehicle outflows and backwoods fires. Modern causes are those, for example, industrial facility discharges and the copying of petroleum products. One private reason is the outflows of cars. This is presumably the most destructive reason, in any event in the United States of America it is. Individuals drive vehicles consistently to get from direct A toward point B. On the off chance that cars didn't exist, the air would no doubt be cleaner yet we would not have the option to travel significant distances in brief periods. Regardless, the issue remains that car discharges are destructive to the earth. This is the manner by which they create vehicle emanations into the climate. Engine vehicle discharges are produced in a few distinct manners and areas during motor/vehicle activity. The most significant sources are, obviously, those delivered in burning and vented through the fumes pipe. These fumes gases comprise for the most part of unburned HCs, CO, and NOx and record for around 90-92% of all vehicle outflows. A few results of burning are not vented through the fumes framework, as they sneak past the cylinder rings and the chamber dividers. These â€Å"blowby† gases comprise principally of unburned HCs that aggregate in the crankcase exhaust port. A third wellspring of outflows is the votalization of HCs through the carburetor and fuel tank vents. Carburetor discharges are articulated during the â€Å"hot soak† period promptly following vehicle activity. Backwoods fires brought about by the lack of regard of people places unsafe smoke into nature. These woodland fires don't occur frequently, yet when they do, there is mass pulverization caused to the climate. In the mid 1950's, woods fires in the Southeastern United States secured gigantic zones of the nation with smoke so thick that flights were dropped in New York City. Chlorofluorocarbons or CFC's were created by scientific experts at General Motors in 1928. At the point when they were created, they were viewed as â€Å"miracle† gases that could be securely utilized for some reasons. They were not poisonous. They were not cancer-causing agents. They didn't consume the materials with which they came in contact. Nor were they combustible. At long last they could be made effectively and modestly. Throughout the years these CFC's have been made to fill numerous needs from cooler coolants to fly streams in vaporized jars and polystyrene material to climate control systems. At the point when individuals don't appropriately discard CFC's, they could escape into the air, making an opening in the ozone layer. Air contamination was first acknowledged as a significant issue during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Modern contamination is particles (particularly of metal tidies) and waste gases (particularly carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides) that are squander results of industry and end undetermined. Mechanical outflows are the second biggest poisons of the environment after car debilitates. † Industries that are the significant poisons incorporate oil refining, metal purifying, iron and take plants, grain factories, and the flour taking care of industry. The most widely recognized compound natured industrial facility toxin is methylene chloride. The consuming of petroleum products is a significant reason for air contamination. Petroleum products are framed from the remaining parts of antiquated plant and creature life, for example, coal and flammable gas. In the event that total ignition of non-renewable energy sources was conceivable, it would just create heat vitality, water fume, and carbon dioxide. Be that as it may, since this impractical in light of the fact that the degree of oxygen is rarely perfect, carbon monoxide structures. The incombustible material enters the environment as smoke, residue, sediment, and particles of delay (tar-like) hydrocarbon substances. Limited quantities of mineral and metal polluting influences are discharged into the air as fly debris. Sulfurous contaminations produce sulfur oxides, particularly sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide consolidates with water noticeable all around to shape sulfuric corrosive, the biggest segment of corrosive downpour. † Air contamination, as like some other contamination, is unsafe to the earth. In contrast to different contaminations however, air contamination isn't constantly noticeable in the earth. Air contamination is the reason for corrosive downpour, exhaust cloud, and the opening in the ozone layer. Corrosive downpour harms living life forms and materials. Testimony from acids, for example, sulfuric corrosive and nitric corrosive and blends in with the downpour and goes into the dirt and waterways. This is generally basic in the Northeastern United States, where petroleum derivative consuming is exceptionally focused. â€Å"Acid downpour is murdering more than lakes. It can scar the departs of hardwood backwoods, shrivel plants and lichens, quicken the passing of coniferous needles, sanitize seeds, and debilitate the timberlands to ailment, pervasion, and rot. Underneath the surface, the corrosive kills synthetics for plant development, takes others from the dirt and conveys them to the lakes and actually impedes the breath of the dirt. † From this you can see that natural harm is generally articulated in backwoods and lakes. In waterways, corrosive stun, brought about by spillover of profoundly acidic water into lakes and streams when snow melts can extraordinarily influence fish and other amphibian life. It likewise influences ranchers. Vegetation may show harm through fading and spotting on leaves. In urban territories corrosive downpour stains and accelerates the disintegration of marble, concrete, memorable landmarks, and sculptures. At the point when presented to corrosive downpour, steel erodes two to multiple times quicker in urban and mechanical regions than in country territories. Ash and coarseness saved by corrosive downpour onto structures, vehicles, and garments brings about these materials waiting be cleaned and reestablished. In the United States alone, corrosive downpour causes billions of dollars harm to materials. Exhaust cloud is grimy mist. â€Å"Smog is a kind of ‘atmospheric soup' of poisons concocted by the activity of daylight. This thick, earthy colored dimness is made of air dirtied via car fumes exhaust, smoke, and mist concentrates. † Smog contains chlorinated and natural phosphates that get released into the air from blowing ranch particles, overwhelming metals, and dissipating corrosive. These synthetic concoctions make the brown haze significantly more poisonous than the vast majority think. Exhaust cloud is created when climate conditions are in the mid-eighties and there is little wind. Hence, brown haze doesn't influence all pieces of the world. It is generally regular in a city, for example, Los Angeles where these climate conditions exist. Ozone exhaustion is viewed as a difficult that up till now, we can not fix. Air contamination has caused this gap in the ozone layer. The ozone layer ingests 99% of the sun's unsafe vitality. It keeps bright radiation from arriving at the Earth's surface and the troposphere. It shields people from burn from the sun, skin and eye malignant growth, and waterfalls. It additionally forestalls a great part of the oxygen in the troposphere from being changed over to ozone (gas). In the mid-seventies scientific experts F. Sherwood Rowland and Mario J. Malian found â€Å"CFC's were making a worldwide synthetic time bomb by bringing down the normal centralization of ozone in the stratosphere. † as it were, the CFC's were and are making a gap in the ozone layer. For whatever length of time that we continue utilizing these CFC's the opening is going to keep on becoming more extensive and more extensive. Impacts on the Health of Living Organisms Air contamination is dangerous to our wellbeing. It can imperil the soundness of living life forms in a few different ways. One way, is by presenting particulate issue and toxic gases into the respiratory frameworks of people, creatures, and plant leaves. Another route is by expanding the sharpness of precipitation, which changes the science of soil and water. One all the more way, is that it draws in substance responses in the air that expansion the presentation of living life forms to hurtful radiation. One more way that it influences living life forms is by changing all around, the arrangement and eventually the temperature of the air and therefore creating conditions that undermine the endurance of living life forms. In people air contamination particularly influences our respiratory framework. Our respiratory framework has various defensive components worked to ensure against presentation to air contamination. Hairs in the nose sift through enormous particles. The bodily fluid covering in the upper respiratory tract helps catch and break up littler particles and vaporous poisons. Sniffling and hacking assists with evacuating debased air and bodily fluid when the respiratory framework is presented to toxins. Long haul presentation to tobacco smoke and other air toxins can destroy the regular protections, bringing about respiratory conditions, for example, hypersensitive responses like asthma, and maladies, for example, lung malignant growth, emphysema, or ceaseless bronchitis. Air contamination can likewise cause other medical issues. It can cause outrageous unfavorably susceptible responses. It additionally can cause he

Hormones and Nerve Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Hormones and Nerve Questions - Essay Example In any case, it was demonstrated that epinephrine alone couldn't make this change happen. It needed to approach the assistance of an optional ambassador, cyclic AMP, for help. Cell layers comprise of lipid chains which makes them hydrophobic or water repulsing in nature. While hormones are proteins made of hydrophilic or water adoring peptide chains, and they can't promptly go through the phone layers. This is the place optional detachments come in. they fill in as an ambassador between the hormones and the objective cell. Optional delivery people are for the most part little atoms causing a higher pace of dissemination through the cytoplasm of the cell and a quicker pace of data transmission. Auxiliary emissaries additionally help strengthen the quality of a specific sign. Hormones in modest quantities can cause the arrival of thousands of auxiliary flag-bearers. This implies the body can set aside a great deal of vitality. It doesn't have to use all its nutritive assets, for exampl e, proteins in the development of hormones, in light of the fact that lone modest amounts of these hormones are expected to get a reaction from the objective cells. In this way least measures of vitality are utilized by the body to speak with different cells. Optional errand people are available in the cytoplasm of cells, along these lines controlling the pace of hormones and compounds used by the cells. They could either cause an expansion or decline in the metabolic responses of the cells. This implies modest portions of hormones could cause prompt reactions as the impacts are intensified by the optional flag-bearers. Auxiliary delivery people are additionally liable for signal transduction deluges. Words: 310 NERVE QUESTION Write roughly 800 words on why it is critical to comprehend the structure of nerve cells so as to value their capacity. It would be ideal if you ensure you spread the age of an activity potential and the transmission of a nerve drive. It is imperative to compr ehend the structure of nerve cells, since it is a result of their particular structure that they can complete their significant capacities. A nerve is a heap of neurons and a neuron is an individual nerve cell. There are three sorts of neurons: Sensory neurons Relay neurons Motor neurons These three neurons work together to transmit nerve driving forces and every one of them have a different structure which encourages the whole procedure. Tactile neuron endings are increasingly gathered in our sense organs like the retina of the eye, cochlea of the ear, and so forth tangible neuron endings get upgrade from the sense organs and afterward they pass the nerve drive promptly to the dendrite which at that point passes them to the Dendron, which is a solitary fiber, and afterward these motivations are brought to the cell body which comprises of a core and cytoplasm. At long last these driving forces go through the axon and show up at the synaptic handle which has a few branches. These mot ivations are to some degree like electrical driving forces. Tangible neurons are lengthened cells comprising of tactile nerve endings toward one side and synaptic handles at the other. They are covered with a greasy layer known as the myelin sheath which goes about as an electrical encasing so as not to get upset with other passing driving forces. Holes in the myelin sheath are known as the hubs of Ranvier, which help accelerate the entry of nerve motivations. Transfer neurons are littler cells which go about as a connection

Becalmed in a Non-Reading Swamp

Becalmed in a Non-Reading Swamp A few months ago, I stopped reading books. That line shocking to anyone who loves to read is the opening to  Jonathan Gourlays essay  In the Land of the Non-Reader, published in The Bygone Bureau: A Journal of Modern Thought. In his sad tale, Gourlay tells of pulling up the Netflix app on his iPhone to watch Star Trek: Voyager before bed instead of grabbing a book.  Instead of pulling out a book during those random moments of time a train ride, a late-night break, and an office wait Gourlay falls into a steady  diet of Netlix, Hulu,  Skyrim, and the NFL. After weeks of excuses (No time! Too busy! Television! Video games!) Gourlay comes to the realization that after a lifelong addiction to books, he has entered the swamp of the non-reader (cue Toccata and Fugue in D Minor right here). When I came across Gourlays essay earlier this week, it was like looking into a mirror and seeing my own sad reading slump articulated in vivid detail. Swap out In Plain Sight  for  Star Trek: Voyager  and Pinterest for Hulu and hed have me nailed.  Its really not a pretty sight. Im not as far into the abyss as Gourlay. Ive been reading the  occasional  essay, and I still make the effort to carry a book around with me wherever I go, but when I have the choice between reading and well, anything else Ive been choosing the other thing. What is my life like in the swamp of the non-reader? Tired. Reading a book, even for just a half hour, used to make me feel  rejuvenated. In the swamp of the non-reader, I feel like Im constantly slogging along, my brain and body weighed down as I make my way through the marsh. I keep thinking that if I just get some more sleep, maybe eat a little better, maybe take a day off from work, Ill suddenly emerge triumphant from the haze, book in hand, and dive back into my life as a reader.  But really, reading is not the activity that comes after the rest of my life is in order. Its the thing that has to come first, the brain and spirit energizer that is going to help make the rest of those things possible. What Gourlay articulates in his essay better than I will ever be able to explain is the understanding that for those of us who love books, reading is a force of life. Its the activity that becomes a source of both inspiration and comfort during all times. Losing that force, for whatever reason, is disorienting. But the only way out of the swamp is to start reading again, to embrace the challenge and joy that a good book can bring, no matter how hard that can seem. If you’ve ever had a reading slump or found yourself drifting into that place where reading falls to the back burner for a day or two, go check out Gourlays essay as a reminder of what life can be like in the swamp of the non-reader. Have you ever entered  Gourlays swamp of the non-reader? How did you find your way out? Photo Credit:  RickyNJ  via Flickr

Its All About How Your Praise Your Children

A story on WHYY Radio today focused on research by Professor Elizabeth Gunderson of Temple University, who looked at how parents praise their young children. She visited families in their homes and observed the type of praise provided to children at ages 1,2 and 3. And she visited again when the children were 8 years old to see how the way the parents provided praise affected their children's behavior. She found that children whose parents praise effort, as in "Good work!" are likely to believe that hard work can improve their skills, and are more likely to take on challenging tasks. On the other hand, those whose parents provide personal praise, such as "You're smart" are less likely to believe that hard work can improve their skills. These children are also less likely to take on challenging tasks. Dr. Gunderson's work verifies and expands upon previous research showing similar findings about how praising effort, as opposed to praising the child, can help children develop a resilient attitude that fosters hard work and makes them less afraid to try something new. What is new in this study is that Dr. Gunderson visited families in their homes, as opposed to doing studies in a lab setting. Researchers believe that the reason praising effort, rather than praising a personal characteristic such as intelligence, is more motivating to students is that it fosters the belief that students can affect outcomes by putting in more effort. On the other hand, students who are praised for a personal characteristic may become fearful that if they fail after putting more effort into a task it will jeopardize the perception that they are "smart" or "good at" something.

Huckleberry Finns Struggle with Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 911 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Huckleberry Finn Essay Mark Twain Essay Did you like this example? Mark Twain published The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as a sequel to his previous work The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in the late nineteenth century. The main character Huckleberry Finn is struggling to follow the standards set for him, through this novel the author advocates that some individuals, like Finn, struggle to follow mainstream society and its expectations. Huckleberry Finn questions the teachings of slavery, race, and class of the society surrounding him. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Huckleberry Finns Struggle with Society" essay for you Create order Finn has a series of adventures throughout the novel in which he struggles between the ways in which society expects him to act, and the things he wants to truly believe in. The novel begins with a continuation of the previous work by Twain in which we find out that hes been living, still in St. Petersburg, Missouri, with the Window Douglas and Miss Watson while they attempt to educate him and civilize him in the ways of school, religion, and manners (Godin). Huckleberry has no intentions of staying with these two ladies, and receiving a proper education as expected of him. His friend Tom Sawyer, from Twains previous novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, convinces Huckleberry to stay and learn what he can for the purpose of appearing respectable. After living with Widow Douglas for a time Huckleberry becomes accustomed to the idea of a proper education, until his father shows up. His father is notorious drunk who abuses Finn. Upon his return, Finns father puts him in a cabin and beats him after coming home drunk. It is after this he decides to travel where his father cannot find him. It is at this point that Huckleberry realizes that living in mainstream s ociety is not for him. He and Miss Watsons runaway slave escape on a raft floating down the Mississippi River. With all the things he has experienced in his short lifetime, Finn acts in a much older manner than expected, and has picked up some inappropriate behaviors such as swearing and smoking. Mark Twain writes this novel in a plain and unabridged manner which had never been used before. A little boy would never be allowed to conduct himself in the Old Southern society as Finn is portrayed throughout the story. This character goes against all the traditions of conduct and behavior of the pre-Civil War era in the South. A theme throughout the story is the fact that Huckleberry Finn and Jim went against the norms of society in the way in which they befriended each other. Although Finn attempted to conform to the ways of society around him, there was a feeling of mistrust from the treatment he received from those around him. As a poor, uneducated boy, Huck distrusts the morals and intentions of the society that treats him as an outcast and fails to protect him from abuse. The uneasiness about society, and his growing relationship with Jim, leads Huck to question many of the teachings that he has received, especially concerning race and slavery (Relationship). Finn and Jim show the society around them how to look past the color of their skin, and see the individual for who they are. There are many instances in the novel that Huckleberry is faced with the decision of whether to turn Jim over to authorities as a runaway slave, but he ultimately decides that Jim deserves his freedom. Through these experiences Huckleberry realizes that what society teaches him about slavery and race is not the way in which the African-Americans should be treated. Throughout the story Mark Twain advocates that Huckleberry Finn is much better off learning lessons through adventures, rather than in a traditional school setting. At the beginning of the novel Finn finds a stash of gold that was hidden after a robbery. He is torn between taking the money and leaving the two ladies who he has been living with, or giving the money back to the rightful owners. With the help of his friend Tom Sawyer, he decides to place the money in a trust with a local judge. While traveling down the Mississippi River with Jim, they come upon two characters by the name of King and Duke. It doesnt take Finn and Jim long to realize that they are in the company of two criminals who do not have good intentions. The conmen scheme to sell Jim to a local farmer, and Huckleberry is faced with the decision of whether to help Jim escape or leave him behind. Huckleberry feels a moral obligation to his friend Jim, and ultimately decides to help him escape no matter what it takes. Through this and other series of events, Huckleberry Finn learns through what would be known as the school of hard knocks. Although the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson desired to see him learn the ways of society through a proper education, Huckleberry uses his life experiences to aid him in the decisions that he makes. He struggles to accept the typical thoughts and behaviors of the society in which he was raised, and is now living all alone. In conclusion, Huckleberry Finn disregards the teachings of society and sets out on his own to search for what he believes as right and wrong. He stands by his friend, although a runaway slave, throughout the novel as a voice against the teachings of slavery and race. Mark Twain uses the character Huckleberry Finn to contend against the standards of race and class during this time in American society.

Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1685 Words

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, written in 1818, explores the dangers of scientific endeavours attempting to domineer the sacred realm of nature through ego driven pursuits of knowledge and discovery. This exploration also extends to the destruction caused when a man’s hubris overrides his moral and spiritual discourses, damaging the nature of humanity and society. Shelley adopts an ambivalent attitude towards man kind’s search for advancement through the quest for knowledge, scientific discovery and the dominance of the natural world and these common ideologies create discernible connections between them. Mary Shelley was born into an age that considered itself ‘enlightened’; the society’s dominant discourses operated through the lenses of reason, rationalism and order. The progress of man through scientific endeavour was valued as inherently good and positive. The belief that through the scientific paradigm, man could open up nature’s mysteries for the benefit of the human race and therefore, have the capacity to know and control all aspects of human existence prompted fears and concerns which underpin Shelley’s composition. The qualities and dangers of an unchecked application of science are strongly represented in Frankenstein, through the protagonist Victor Frankenstein, ‘Victor dares to become a creator, but the result is the destruction of those he loves and himself’ 1. His unsuppressed quest for glory, upheld by the Romantic paradigm is conflated with the values of theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Word s   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. 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645 Personality Theory Paper - 1050 Words

Personality Theory Paper The Pursuit of Happyness PSYCH/645 Personality Theories Donna Belvin March 1, 2015 Instructor: Juliet Fenyk Introduction In the biographical film The Pursuit of Happyness, the central character Chris Gardner is a self- employed salesman with a girlfriend and five year old son, who has spent his life savings on medical machines. The sale of the medical machines is not producing consistent income and the lifestyle of his family suffers leading to his girlfriend leaving him, but Chris insists on his son being left with him. During this time Chris life changes and he becomes homeless with his five year old son and his determination is to succeed. Chris is able to enter an internship where he is†¦show more content†¦Next Chris inability to maintain safe shelter, this need became predominant and lead to motivating Chris despite his challenge to endure living in shelters to ensure his son and himself were able to be rested each day (Maslow, 2012). 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The Businesses and Development of AKH Group Essay example

Introduction to AKH Group – AKH Group has various businesses spread across IT, Consumer Products, BPO and Telecom. The group has a history of being in business for the last 35 years. The founder of the company follows an austere way of working. The business expansion has been organic as well as inorganic. The IT business was fostered through organic form and the BPO was an acquisition. Similarly, the Consumer Product business was a mix of organic and inorganic through foreign acquisitions. The founder of this business conglomerate has recently announced a sum of Rs. 10,000 Crore to be spent on nation building. Areas chalked out are Skill Development and Primary Health. Community Development – Community development is a way of†¦show more content†¦Source: SCDC A Healthy Community Skill development and Primary Health – Skill Development means developing yourself and your skill sets to add value for the organization and for your own career development. Fostering an attitude of appreciation for lifelong learning is the key to workplace success. Continuously learning and developing ones skills requires identifying the skills needed for mobility at Cal, and then successfully seeking out trainings or on-the-job opportunities for developing those skills. Primary health care, often abbreviated as PHC, has been defined as essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology, made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community. It is through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination. In other words, PHC is an approach to health beyond the traditional health care system that focuses on health equity-producing social policy. PHC includes all areas that play a role in health, such as access to health services, environment and lifestyle. Primary health and skill development is one of the most important issues for community development and AKH group is contributing a sum of rupees 1000 crore towards community development. As a consultant to AKH group weShow MoreRelatedSkill Development Empowers the Workforce with Skills, Knowledge and Qualifications 619 Words   |  3 PagesThe objective of Skill Development is to create a workforce empowered with the necessary and continuously upgraded skills, knowledge and internationally recognized qualifications to gain access to decent employment and ensure India’s competitiveness in the dynamic global market. It aims at increasing the productivity and employability of workforce (wage and self-employed) both in the organized and the unorganized sectors. It seeks increased participation of youth, women, disabled and other disadvantagedRead MoreHow AKH Group Can Help Make the World a Better Place Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesCASE FACTS: As given in the case a 35 years old AKH Group has various businesses spread across IT, Consumer Products, BPO and Telecom. For the development of the company in various sectors the founder of the company follows an austere way of working. The business expansion has been organic as well as inorganic. The IT business was fostered through organic form and the BPO was an acquisition. Similarly, the Consumer Product business was a mix of organic and inorganic (through foreign acquisitions)

Review Chemistry Chapter 4 Free Essays

string(28) " none of these Answer: B 4\." CHAPTER 4 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 4.1 Which of the following compounds is a strong electrolyte? E A. H2O B. We will write a custom essay sample on Review Chemistry Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now O2 C. H2SO4 D. C6H12O6 (glucose) E. CH3COOH (acetic acid) Answer: C 4.2 Which of the following compounds is a strong electrolyte? E A. H2O B. N2 C. KOH D. C2H6O (ethanol) E. CH3COOH (acetic acid) Answer: C 4.3 Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte? E A. HCl B. CH3COOH (acetic acid) C. C6H12O6 (glucose) D. O2 E. NaCl Answer: B 4.4 Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte? E A. HCl B. NH3 C. C6H12O6 (glucose) D. N2 E. KCl Answer: B 4.5 Which of the following compounds is a nonelectrolyte? E A. NaF B. HNO3 C. CH3COOH (acetic acid) D. NaOH E. C6H12O6 (glucose) Answer: E 4.6 Which of the following compounds is a nonelectrolyte? E A. NaOH B. HNO3 C. CH3COOH (acetic acid) D. KF E. C2H6O (ethanol) Answer: E 4.7 Identify the major ionic species present in an aqueous solution of NaNO3. M A. Na2+, NO3 – B. Na+, N3 – , O3 C. Na+, N3 -, O32 – D. Na+, N+, O2 – E. Na+, NO3 – Answer: E 4.8 Identify the major ionic species present in an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2. E A. Ca2+, H+, O2 – B. Ca2+, OH2- C. Ca+, H-, O2 – D.Ca2+, O2H22 – E. Ca2+, OH – Answer: E 4.9 The distinguishing characteristic of all electrolyte solutions is that they: E A. contain molecules B. conduct electricity C. react with other solutions D. always contain acids E. conduct heat Answer: B 4.10 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. NaCl B. MgBr2 C. FeCl2 D. AgBr E. ZnCl2 Answer: D 4.11 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. Na2SO4 B. BaSO4 C. CuSO4 D. MgSO4 E. Rb2SO4 Answer: B 4.12According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. CaCO3 B. (NH4)2CO3 C. Na2CO3 D. K2CO3 E. KNO3 Answer: A 4.13 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. Hg2Cl2 B. Na2S C. Ag2CO3 D. Ag2S E. BaSO4 Answer: B 4.14 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. AgBr B. AgCl C. Ag2CO3 D. AgNO3 E. Ag2S Answer: D 4.15According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. (NH4)3PO4 B. Ca3(PO4)2 C. AlPO4 D.Ag3PO4 E. Mg3(PO4)2 Answer: A 4.16 According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. CaSO4 B. BaSO4 C. PbSO4 D. K2SO4 Answer: D 4.17 In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions containing about 0. 1 g of Pb(NO3)2(aq) and KI(aq) /100 mL are mixed? A. KNO3 will precipitate; Pb2+ and I- will be spectator ions. B. No precipitate will form. C. Pb(NO3)2 will precipitate; K+ and I- will be spectator ions. D. PbI2 will precipitate; K+ and NO3- will be spectator ions. E. Pb2+ and I- will be spectator ions, and PbI2 will precipitate. Answer: D 4.18 In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions of CuSO4(aq) and BaCl2(aq) are mixed? A. CuCl2 will precipitate; Ba2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. B. CuSO4 will precipitate; Ba2+ and Cl – will be spectator ions. C. BaSO4 will precipitate; Cu2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. D. BaCl2 will precipitate; Cu2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. E. No precipitate will form. Answer: C 4.19 In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions of ZnSO4(aq) and MgCl2(aq) are mixed? A. ZnCl2 will precipitate; Mg2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. B. ZnSO4 will precipitate; Mg2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. C. MgSO4 will precipitate; Zn2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. D. MgCl2 will precipitate; Zn2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. E. No precipitate will form. Answer: E 4.20 Which of the following is the correct net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs M when solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and NH4Cl are mixed? A. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) NH4NO3(aq) + PbCl2(s) B. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) PbCl2(s) C. Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) 2NH4+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + PbCl2(s) D. NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq) 2NH4NO3 Answer: B 4.21 The common constituent in all acid solutions is: M A. H2 B. H+ C. OH- D. H2SO4 E. Cl- Answer: B 4.22 Identify the ions present in an aqueous solution of LiOH. E A. Li2+, O- , H- B. Li+, OH- C. LiO-, H+ D. Li+, O2 – , H+ E. Li – , OH+ Answer: B 4.23Identify the major ions present in an aqueous solution of HNO3. E A. HN+, O2 – B. OH- , NO3- C. OH- , NO+ D. H+, N3-, O2 – E. H+, NO3- Answer: E 4.24What choice gives the correct formula of the salt formed in the neutralization Ereaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide? A. CaO B.CaCl2 C. CaH2 D. CaCl E. CaClH Answer: B 4.25 What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of Ehydrobromic acid with Mg(OH)2? A. MgBr B. Mg2Br3 C. Mg3Br2 D. Mg2Br E. MgBr2 Answer: E 4.26 What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of nitric acid M with Ca(OH)2? A. CaNO3 B. Ca2(NO3)3 C. Ca3(NO3)2 D. Ca2NO3 E. Ca(NO3)2 Answer: E 4.27 What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of sodium Mhydroxide with sulfuric acid? A. NaSO3 B. Na2(SO4)3 C. Na(SO4)2 D. Na2SO4 E. Na3SO4 Answer: D 4.28 What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of potassium M hydroxide (KOH) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)? A. KSO3 B. K2(SO4)3 C. K2SO4 D. K(SO4)2 E. KSO4 Answer: C 4.29 The oxidation number of N in NaNO3 is: M A. +6 B. +5 C. +3 D. – 3 E. none of these Answer: B 4.30 The oxidation number of S in K2SO4 is: M A. +6 B. +4 C. +2 D. – 1 E. none of these Answer: A 4.31 The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is: M A. +8 B. +7 C. +5 D. – 7 E. – 8 Answer: B 4.32 The oxidation number of Fe in K3Fe(CN)6 is: H A. +3 B. +2 C. +1 D. – 3 E. – 4 Answer: A 4.33 The oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72 – is: H A. – 12 B. – 7 C. – 2 D. +6 E. +7 Answer: D 4.34 The oxidation number of Cl in ClO3- is: H A. – 1 B. +7 C. +5 D. +3 E. none of these Answer: C 4.35 The oxidation number of Cl in ClO4- is: H A. – 1 B. +1 C. +3 D. +5 E. none of these Answer: E 4.36 The maximum oxidation number of nitrogen is: H A. +8 B. +5 C. +3 D. +1 E. – 3 Answer: B 4.37 The highest possible oxidation number of carbon is: M A. +8 B. +6 C. +4 D. +2 E. – 4 Answer: C 4.38 Select the compound below in which sulfur has its highest possible oxidation number. H A. H2S B. SO2 C. Na2SO4 D. H2SO3 E. SCl2 Answer: C 4. 39 The oxidation number of N in N2H4 is: M A. +4 B. – 4 C. +2 D. – 2 E. 0 Answer: D 4.40 Which choice below gives the oxidation numbers for all three elements in Rb2SO3 Mcorrectly, and in the order shown in the formula? A. – 2, +6, – 2 B. – 1, +4, – 3 C. +2, +4, – 2 D. +1, +4, – 2 E. +1, +6, – 6 Answer: D 4.41 Which one of the following is a redox reaction? M A. H+(aq) + OH – (aq) H2O(l) B. 2KBr(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbBr2(s) C. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) D. Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) E. CO32 – + HSO4- HCO3- + SO42 – Answer: D 4. 42 Which of the following reactions does not represent an oxidation- Mreduction reaction? A. 3Al + 6HCl 3H2 + AlCl3 B. 2H2O 2H2 + O2 C. 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 + 3NaNO3 D. 2NaI + Br2 2NaBr + I2 Answer: C 4. 43 In the following reaction the oxidizing agent is: H 5H2O2 + 2MnO4- + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2 A. H2O2 B. MnO4- C. H+ D. Mn2+ E. O2 Answer: B 4. 44In the following reaction the oxidizing agent is: H 5S + 6KNO3 + 2CaCO3 3K2SO4 + 2CaSO4 + CO2 + 3N2 A. S B. N2 C. KNO3 D. CaSO4 E. CaCO3 Answer: C 4. 45 Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: H 2MnO4- + 5H2SO3 2Mn2+ + 5SO42 – + 4H+ + 3H2O A. MnO4- B. H2SO3 C. Mn2+ D. SO42 – E. H+ Answer: A 4.46 Identify the reducing agent in the following reaction: H 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) A. Fe2+ B. MnO4- C. H+ D. Mn2+ E. Fe3+ Answer: A 4.47 Identify the reducing agent in the following reaction. M Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2 A. Cd B. NiO2 C. H2O D. Cd(OH)2 E. Ni(OH)2 Answer: A 4.48 What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M 3Cu + 8HNO3 ? Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O A. Cu B. H C. N D. O E. H2O Answer: A 4.49 What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2 A. Cd B. Ni C. O D. H Answer: A 4. 50 What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M H2SO4 + Cd(OH)2 2H2O + CdSO4 A. H B. S C. O D. Cd E. none of these Answer: E 4.51 What element is reduced in the following reaction? M Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O A. Cu B. H C. S D. O E. H2O Answer: C 4.52 Predict the products of the following displacement reaction. M Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) A. CuS(s) + Fe2SO4(aq) B. Fe(s) + Cu(s) + SO4(aq) C. Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq) D. FeCuSO4 E. FeO(s) + CuSO3(aq) Answer: C 4.53 Complete and balance the following half-reaction. M ClO- + e- Cl- (basic solution) The balanced half-reaction will show which of the following: A. two hydroxide ions on the right side B. one electron on the left side C. six H+ ions on the right side D. six H+ ions on the left side E. two water molecules on the left side Answer: A 4.54 Complete and balance the following redox equation. When balanced with Mwhole number coefficients, the coefficient of S is: H2S + HNO3 S + NO (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. E. 6 Answer: C 4.55 When balanced, what is the coefficient of Sn in the equation? M Sn + HNO3 SnO2 + NO2 + H2O (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 Answer: A 4.56 Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of H2O M when the equation is balanced with the smallest whole number coefficients? MnO4- + SO32 – Mn2+ + SO42 – (acidic solution) A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 8 E. none of these Answer: A 4. 57 Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of H2S Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? H2S + MnO4- Mn2+ + SO42 – (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 E. none of these Answer: D 4.58 Complete and balance the following redox equation. What is the coefficient of H2O Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? MnO4- + I – MnO2 + IO3- (basic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 E. none of these Answer: A 4.59 Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of OH- Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? MnO4- + I – MnO2 + IO3- (basic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 E. none of these Answer: B 4.60 Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole- Mnumber coefficients. Now sum the coefficients of all species in the balanced equation. Remember the coefficients equal to one. The sum of the coefficients is: BrO3- (aq) + Sb3+(aq) Br – (aq) + Sb5+(aq) (acidic solution) A. 4 B. 12 C. 13 D. 17 E. none of these Answer: D 4.61 Complete and balance the following redox reaction with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients. M When correctly balanced the sum of all the coefficients in the equation will be: (Recall, the absence of a coefficient is understood to be a 1) PbO2(s) + Cl- Pb2+ + Cl2(g) (acidic solution) A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 9 E. 11 Answer: E 4.62 Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole Mnumber coefficients possible. What is the sum of the coefficients? (Remember the coefficients equal to one. ) HI + HNO3 I2 + NO (acidic solution) A. 5 B. 7 C. 14 D. 17 E. none of these Answer: D 4.63 Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? MnO4- + Br – Mn2+ + Br2 (acidic solution) A. 6 B. 17 C. 1 D. 29 E. 43 Answer: E Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? Bi(OH)3 + SnO2 2 – Bi + SnO32 – (basic solution) A. 32 B. 25 C. 16 D. 13 E. none of these Answer: D 4.65 Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? Br2 BrO3- + Br- (basic solution) A. 9 B. 12 C. 18 D. 21 E. none of these Answer: C 4.66 Which of the following is a displacement reaction? E A. NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g) B. Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) C. 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) D. 2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2PCl3(g) E. 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) Answer: B 4.67 Which of the following is a halogen displacement reaction? E A. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) B. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) C. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) D. 2KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) E. 2LiOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Li2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Answer: A 4.68 Which of the following is a precipitation reaction? M A. 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) B. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) C. KNO3(s) 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) D. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) E. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) Answer: B 4.69 Which of the following is an acid-base neutralization reaction? E A. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) B. SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(g) C. LiOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) LiNO3(aq) + H2O(l) D. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) E. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) Answer: C 4.70 25. 0 mL of a 0. 175 M solution of KOH is diluted with pure water to a final Mvolume of 750. 0 mL. What is the final molarity of the KOH solution? 0. 00583 M 0. 0163 M 0. 0333 M 0. 229 M Answer: A 4.71 Consider the solution reaction AlCl3 + 3AgNO3 3AgCl + Al(NO3)3. M What volume of 0. 100 M AlCl3 will exactly react with 55. 0 mL of 0. 162 M AgNO3? 89. 1 mL 9. 90 mL 46. 2 mL 29. 7 mL Answer: D 4.72 What is the molarity of a solution in which 26. 0 grams of BaCl2 M(molar mass = 208. 2 g/mol) are dissolved in enough water to make 450. 0 mL of solution? 0. 278 M 0. 617 M 1. 00 M 3. 41 M Answer: A 4.73 If 40. 0 mL of H2SO4 solution reacts with 0. 212 g of Na2CO3, what is the Mmolarity of the H2SO4 solution? Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O 0. 50 M 0. 10 M 0. 20 M 0. 40 M 0. 050 M Answer: E 4.74 What volume of 0. 122 M HCl would react with 26. 2 mL of 0. 176 M NaOH? M 37. 8 mL 18. 2 mL 5. 56 mL 26. 3 mL 75. 6 mL Answer: A 4.75 What is the oxidation number of N in NaNO3? M +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 Answer: E 4.76 In the following reaction, which species is being reduced? MFeBr3 + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 + 3Br2 A. the Cl in Cl2 B. the Fe in FeBr3 C. the Br in FeBr3 D. This is not a redox reaction. Answer: A 4.77 Which is the oxidation number of arsenic in K3AsO4? M +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 Answer: D 4.78 In which of the compounds below is nitrogen in the +1 oxidation state? M A. N2O4 B. HNO3 C. N2 D. N2O E. none of these Answer: D 4.79 Which reaction below is NOT an oxidation-reduction reaction? M CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g) Zn(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s) Answer: A 4.80 Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: 2 Na(s) + H2(g) 2 NaH(s) M Na(s) NaH(s) H2(g) Answer: C 4. 81Which of the following is the correct NET IONIC equation for the M neutralization of acetic acid (HAc) with Ca(OH)2? (Ac = acetate ion) 2 HAc + Ca(OH)2 CaAc2 + 2 H2O H+ + OH – H2O HAc + OH – Ac – + H2O 2 H+ + Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2 H2O Answer: C 4.82 Which of the following is INCORRECTLY classified? (Ac = acetate ion) E HAc / weak electrolyte HCl / strong electrolyte NaCl / strong electrolyte NaOH / weak electrolyte H2O / nonelectrolyte Answer: D 4.83 Which of the following compounds are INCORRECTLY classified with respect to its solubility in water? M NaBr / soluble KCrO4 / insoluble MgCl2 / soluble AgCl / insoluble PbS / insoluble Answer: B 4.84 Which of these is a weak acid? E HNO3 H2SO4 HBr HI H2S Answer: E 4.85 Solutions of BaCl2(aq), Na2SO4(aq) and KNO3(aq) are mixed together. MWhat compound is likely to precipitate from the solution? NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 KCl K2SO4 Answer: C SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 4.86 Define solution, solute and solvent. E Answer: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in a smaller amount is called the solute, while the substance present in the larger amount is called the solvent. 4.87 Identify each of the following compounds as an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte. E a. NaOH___________________ b. H2SO4___________________ c. methanol___________________ d. C12H22O11 (sucrose)___________________ e. MgCl2___________________ Answer: a. electrolyte b. electrolyte c. onelectrolyte d. nonelectrolyte e. electrolyte 4.88 Identify each of the following compounds as a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, Eor non electrolyte. a. CH3OH (methanol)____________________ b. CH3COOH____________________ c. KNO3____________________ d. NH3____________________ e. NH4Cl____________________ Answer: a. nonelectrolyte b. weak electrolyte c. strong electrolyte d. weak electrolyte e. strong electrolyte 4.89 Describe three situations or conditions in which a reaction will proceed to Mcompletion. Answer: a. reactions in which a precipitate is formed b. reactions in which H2O is formed c. eactions in which a gas is formed 4.90Define and illustrate with an example the difference between an electrolyte and Mnonelectrolyte. Answer: (answers will vary) An electrolyte is a substance that will dissolve in water and break up into ions so the solution can conduct electricity. An example is Sodium hydrogen carbonate. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that does not break up into ions when dissolved in water and the resulting solution does not conduct electricity. An example is sugar. 4.91Define precipitate and illustrate with an example. E Answer: A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates from a solution. CoCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CoCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) CoCO3 would be the precipitate in this reaction. 4.92 What are three characteristics of a base? E Answer: a. Bases taste bitter. b. Bases feel slippery. c. Bases change change red litmus paper to blue. 4.93 What are three characteristics of an acid? E Answer: a. Acids taste sour. b. Acids change blue litmus paper to red. c. Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas . 4.94 What kind of bonding is found in all salts? E Answer: ionic 4.95 Give an example of a monoprotic acid, diprotic acid, and triprotic acid. E Answer: (answers will vary) HNO3 , H2CO3 , H3PO 4 .96 Write the net ionic equation for the following reaction. Aqueous iron (III) sulfate is E added to aqueous sodium sulfide to produce iron (III) sulfide solid and aqueous sodium sulfate. Answer: 2Fe3+ (aq) + 3S2 – (aq) Fe2S3 (s) 4.97 What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M Cs2Cr2O7 Answer: Cs1+, Cr6+, O2 – 4.98 Identify the element being oxidized, the element being reduced, the oxidizing Magent, and the reducing agent in the following reactions. 4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3 Answer: Al is oxidized;O2 is reduced; Al is the reducing agent; O2 is the oxidizing agent 4.99 Identify the element being oxidized, the element being reduced, the oxidizing Magent, and the reducing agent in the following reactions. 2KBr + F2 ? Br2 + 2KF Answer: Br – is oxidized, F2 is reduced, KBr is the reducing agent, F2 is the oxidizing agent 4.100 What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M BaNaPO4 Answer: Ba, +2; Na, +1; P, +5; O, -2 4. 101What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M K2TaF7 Answer: K, +1; Ta, +5; F, -1 4.102 Thorium metal is prepared by reacting thorium oxide with calcium. M ThO2 + 2Ca Th + 2CaO What substance is reduced? What is the reducing agent? What substance is oxidized? What is the oxidizing agent? Answer: Th4+ is reduced, Ca is the reducing agent, Ca is oxidized, ThO4 is the oxidizing agent 4.103 Batteries in our cars generate electricity by the following chemical reaction. M Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O What substance is reduced? What is the reducing agent? What substance is oxidized? What is the oxidizing agent? Answer: Pb4+ is reduced, Pb is the reducing agent, Pb is oxidized, PbO2 is the oxidizing agent 4.104 Describe the procedure used to make 3. 0 liters of a 2. M KCl solution, starting Hwith solid KCl. Answer: a. Determine the molar mass of KCl, which is 74. 55 g/mol. b. Weigh out 447. 3 g of KCl and dissolve to form exactly 3 liters of solution. 4.105 What is the molarity of a solution that contains 5. 0 moles of solute in 2. 00 liters of Esolution? Answer: 2. 5 M 4.106 The solubility of Ba(NO3)2 is 130. 5 g per liter at 0Â °C. How many moles of Hdissolved salt are present in 4. 0 L of a saturated solution of a Ba(NO3)2 containing 130. 5 g/L at 0Â °C? Answer: 2. 0 mol 4.107 What is the molar concentration of ions in a solution prepared by mixing M100 mL of 2. 0M KCl with 50 mL of a 1. M CaCl2 solution? Answer: 4. 2 M 4.108 What volume of concentrated nitric acid (15. 0 M) is required to make 100 mL of a M3. 0 M nitric acid solution? Answer: 20 mL 4.109 During a titration the following data were collected. A 10 mL portion of an Munknown solution was titrated with 1. 0 M NaOH. It required 40 mL of the base to neutralize the sample. (a) What is the molarity of the acid? (b) How many moles of acid are present in 2. 0 liters of this unknown solution? Answer: a. 4 M b. 8 mol 4.110 If 145 g of potassium nitrate were added to water to make 1500 mL of solution, Mwhat would be the molarity of the resulting solution? Answer: . 956 M 4.111 During a titration the following data were collected. A 50 mL portion of an HCl Msolution was titrated with 0. 50 M NaOH. It required 200 mL of the base to neutralize the sample. How many grams of acid are present in 500 mL of this acid solution? Answer: The acid is 2 M. 36. 5 g of HCl 4.112 Identify the Bronsted/Lowry acid in the following reaction. M NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Answer: H2O 4.113 Identify each of the following as either good or poor conductors of electricity. M a. CaSO4 b. Pb(C2H3O2)2 c. glacial acetic acid d. gasoline (C8H18) Answer: a. good b. good c. poor d. poor 4.114 What is the substance acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid in the following reaction. M HSO4- + NH4+ H2SO4 + NH3 Answer: NH4+ 4.115 The water solution found in cells and in blood makes up approximately 80% of the mass of the human body. This solution has a concentration of 0. 21 M NaCl and has a density of 1 g/mL. How many pounds of salt are present in an 180 lb adult? Answer: 1. 77 lbs (802. 5 g) TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 4.116 We balance chemical equations because they obey the law of definite proportions. M Answer: F 4.117 From the following equation, we can deduce that six hundred P4O10 molecules M would react with one hundred H2O molecules. P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 4H3PO4(aq) Answer: F 4.118 The following equation is balanced. M Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HNO3(g) Answer: T 4.119 Sugar dissolves in water, therefore it is a strong electrolyte. E Answer: F 4.120 Silver chloride (AgCl) has an extremely low solubility in water; therefore, it is a Eweak electrolyte. Answer: F 4.121 Most compounds containing chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except Ethose of Ag+, Hg, and Pb2+. Answer: T 4.122The following reaction is an acid-base neutralization reaction. E H2SO4(aq) + CaBr2(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) Answer: F 4.123The oxidation number of N in NO is +7. E Answer: F 4.124 Hydrogen is oxidized in the following reaction. M H2 + Cl2 2HCl Answer: T 4.125 The following equation is an example of a net ionic equation. M Na+ + Br- + Ag+ + NO3- AgBr(s) + Na+ + NO3- Answer: F 4.126 The oxidation number of iodine increases by 6 in the following reaction. M 2MnO4- + I – + H2O 2MnO2 + IO3- + 2OH- Answer: T How to cite Review Chemistry Chapter 4, Essay examples

Management and Organizations in Global Environment Organizational Cul

Question: Discuss about theManagement and Organizations in Global Environmentfor Organizational Culture. Answer: Introduction The organizational culture is one of the important attributes that help the employees to bind together and give their maximum output in terms of the organizational vision. The concept of culture is being developed by the nature of the organizational polices as well as the nature of interactions between the human components (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). There has been growing number of studies that focus on the need for creating an enriching organizational culture. The managers are increasingly finding new ways to motivate the employees which would indirectly enrich the organizational culture. The creation of optimum organizational culture is one of the most important tasks of the management. The organizational culture can be defined as a system that comprises of the shared values, assumption and beliefs which underline the behavior of the employees in the organization (Hogan and Coote 2014). The organizational culture can be defined as the unique personality of the company which i s powerful component in deciding its success. It also defines how the employees would behave in the workplace by demonstrating key characteristics. The organization selected for study in this report is Dick Smith Foods. It is a food brand based in Australia which has been founded by Mr. Dick Smith in the year 1999 (Dick Smith Foods 2017). It sources its main products from the Australian owned organizations and does not manufacture their own products. The other companies license the products using the brand label of Dick Smith Foods (Dick Smith Foods 2017). This company was launched as an alternative to the products which are being offered by the multinational companies. The vision of the company is to keep the profits of the Australian owned company in the country itself instead of sending them to offshore countries which is the base for most multinational companies (Dick Smith Foods 2017). This essay would analyze the concept of the organizational culture and management in general and then relate it with the organizational culture displayed by the chosen organization. The concluding part of the report would suggest ways to improve the organizational culture in the organization. Discussion The organizational culture comprises of the unique atmosphere in the organization which determines the way the employees would behave in the organization (Bschgens Bausch and Balkin 2013). The organizational values have strong influence on the employees and determine how they would carry out their day to day job duties. It can be defined as collective beliefs, values and the principles of the employees which are influenced by the organizational policies (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). The organizational culture can be regarded as shared assumptions which determine the behavior of the individual components. The organizations do comprise of a wide variety of cultures as well as subcultures (Scott and Davis 2015). There are seven characteristics of organizational culture which is evident in the organization. The innovation component of the organization enhances the culture of the organization. A high degree of innovation fosters the employees to look for different ways to do their job tasks. A good organizational culture gives attention to detail and the organization expects that the employees would perform their work in a perfect manner (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). There is emphasis on the people and there is fairness orientation in the organizational culture (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). Dick Smith Foods has average organizational culture, which affects the decision making abilities of the employees in the organization. If the organization treats its employees with dignity and respect, then the employees would be giving higher productivity. The organizations which place high emphasis on the organizational culture emphasis on greater team work. The people who are working in organizatio ns that put high emphasis on the culture tend to develop positive relationships with their coworkers. The organizational culture also determines the nature of the team members (Scott and Davis 2015). The culture is the determinant of whether team members would display assertive behavior or they are cooperative while dealing with the internal as well as external stakeholders of the company (Scott and Davis 2015). The aggressive culture of the organization would drive the employees to be competitive and would instill competitive spirit among the employees. The importance of culture cannot be ignored in an organizational setting. A healthy organizational culture makes the employees motivated in the workplace (Chan et al. 2016). It also makes the employees loyal to the organization which decreases the attrition rate of the organization. The organizational culture also encourages healthy competition in the workplace. The employees strive to give their best performance and earn recognition from the supervisors. The organizational culture in Dick Smith Foods represents specific predetermined policies of the organization which would provide direction to the organization (Chan et al. 2016). It also creates good brand image of the organization and it is also responsible for bringing all the employees in a common platform. If the organizational culture treats every employee equally, then the employees would be able to deliver their best performance (Cummings and Worley 2014). Dick Smith management makes it a point that the employees are clear a bout their job roles and responsibilities in the organization. A good organizational culture is also the foundation of good interpersonal relationships. The employees would not consider the work as a burden and this would increase their work productivity (Chan et al. 2016). In an organization, the employees belong to diverse backgrounds and the organizational culture is responsible for binding them together. The managers can play a great role in shaping the organizational culture (Schrage 2013). They can create a climate of change. The culture would not be effective if it is not related to a specific organizational issue. The managers should use the external as well as internal drivers in order to envision the cultural change which needs to be applied in the organization. The managers should use leadership to foster organizational change. The leaders are supposed to be the champions of understanding regarding the organizational processes (Vessey et al. 2014). There can be various subcultures in the organization which is known only by the leaders. The leaders also influence the rewarding function of the management to the particular subculture. The clear strategic leadership is responsible for ensuring the consistency in the organization. The managers of Dick Smith Foods emphasize more on the employee engagement and empowerment of the employees (Ugwu Onyishi and Rodrguez-Snchez 2014). This is important in order to ensure the effective management of culture in the organization. If the employees are motivated in the organization, then there would be an increase in the organizational culture. The organization uses innovative measures to implement employee engagement programs. An organization in which the employees would be motivated to deliver higher performance would be having rich organizational culture (Vessey et al. 2014). The managers should use team orientation and team development activities in order to enrich the organizational culture (Harper 2015). Dick Smith management focuses on team building activities which enrich the functioning of the organization and this would definitely enhance the organizational culture. The promotion and the dissemination of the new cultural traits would have a direct impact on the team work in the organization (Ugwu Onyishi and Rodrguez-Snchez 2014). There are several models which are used to describe the organizational culture. Hofstedes cultural dimension theory is used to describe the specific aspects of cross cultural communication and is increasingly used by the organizations in order to increase their effectiveness (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). This theory fosters cross-cultural communication which emphasizes on the culture of the society and its impact on the members of the society. It explains culture as the collective attitude of the members which segregates one group of people from another. This model describes several dimensions of the management which is used as strategic tool by the organizations. The means oriented vs. goal-oriented approach is closely interrelated with the organizational effectiveness. The means oriented organizational culture is focused on the way the work needs to be done. On the other hand, the goals oriented culture is characterized by the employees fulfilling the internal organizational goals by ignoring any potential risks associated with them. The internally driven organization in the internally driven vs. externally driven parameter perceive their job role in a way where there is high emphasis on the honesty and business ethics (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). In the internally driven organizations the employees are aware of the elements which would enhance the customer satisfaction rates. In the externally driven organization, the employees give sole importance to the fulfillment of the requirements of the customers (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). In this type of culture, the results are given importance than the ethical attitude of the employees. The easy going work discipline vs. strict work discipline dimension focuses on the degree of control, discipline and the internal structuring (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). A high degree of easy going culture concentrates on the loose organizational structure as well as lack of predictability. The local vs. professional dimension is characte rized by the employees identifying with their boss or supervisor in the department in which they are working. The dimension of open system vs. closed system focuses on the accessibility aspect of the organization (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). An open organizational culture welcomes the newcomers and the vice-versa is true in closed organizations. The employee oriented vs. work-oriented aspect of the culture is widely used in the organization. In the employee oriented organizations, the employees feel that the organizations take care of them and are concerned about their welfare. In the work-oriented organizations, there is usually heavy burden regarding the performance of the task (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). There is another dimension named as degree of acceptance of leadership style in which the leadership style of the supervisors is aligned with the preferences of the employees. The Edgar Schein model of the organizational culture considers that culture is a difficult attribute from the organizational point of view, which leads to change in the organization (Schein 2015). This model considers culture to be one of the most important determinants of the change process which is even greater than the services, products or the organizational leadership. This model visualizes the organizational culture from the viewpoint of the observer which is being described at three levels such as basic assumptions, values and artifacts (Anderson and Matessa 2014). The organizational attributes are felt, seen and heard by the observer which is known as artifacts. These comprise of the physical organizational components which directly convey specific cultural significance. The artifacts are usually considered as tangible dimensions of the culture, which are shared by the members of the organization (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). These can be mission statements, organization slogans , office spaces, rewards, recognition and others. The next level of this model comprises of the shared values that are concerned with the preferences of the individuals. This can be customer service or the employee loyalty which is displayed by the organizational members (Anderson and Matessa 2014). The individual values of the employees coincide with that of the organizational values. The primary beliefs of the individuals impact the perception of the individual regarding the organizational trust and support. These values are deeply embedded in the organizational culture. The third level of the model focuses on the level of assumptions that the organization makes in everyday functioning (Anderson and Matessa 2014). These elements of the organizational culture are intangible, that is, they cannot be seen. These are inherent in the organization and are often considered as unspoken rules. The organizational values can only be understood by people who are staying in the organization fo r a long time and they are accustomed to it. The Scheins model is helpful in understanding of the organizational behaviors (Schein 2015). An organization can indicate highly aesthetic as well as high moral standards in the second level of the model and at the same time it can also display opposing behavior in the third level, which is considered as the deepest layer (Anderson and Matessa 2014). The Edgar Schein model of the organizational culture focuses on the fact that the culture evident in the organization is impacted by multiple factor such as external environment, industry, nature as well as size of the organizational workforce, organizational use of the technology and the ownership of the organization (Schein 2015). The Cooke model of organizational culture which was proposed by Robert Cooke identifies culture as behaviors displayed by the employees in the organization which they perceive to be important for fulfilling the organizational expectations (Renfrew and Cooke 2014). This theory believes in the fact that the individuals who are from different background come together in a common platform in the organization in order to meet the targets set by the organization. The behavior of the employees is considered to be dependent on the culture portrayed by the organization. This theory focuses on the fact that human interactions in an organization (Renfrew and Cooke 2014) . This theory is concerned with the measurement of the twelve behavioral patterns which is being classified in three categories such as- constructive cultures, passive cultures and aggressive cultures (Chaudhry et al. 2016). The constructive culture focus on the team building capabilities of the organization. In this type of cul ture, the employees are encouraged to communicate as a team rather than individuals (Renfrew and Cooke 2014). This culture is highly effective in areas where employees are involved in complicated tasks rather than simple mechanical ones. There are several factors which are embedded in the constructive culture such as achievement, self-actualizing, humanistic encouraging and affiliative one (Renfrew and Cooke 2014). The achievement dimension considers with the completion of tasks successfully. This dimension involves the need to focus on the linkage of the individual effort with the task outcome rather than chance when attaining the goals of the organization (Murphy Cooke and Lopez 2013). In the self-actualizing culture, there is realization of the achievement of the talent as well as potentialities of the individuals. This is considered as a desire to be present in everyone which would be based on the personal growth, realization of self-potential and self-fulfillment. The people in this type of culture have as strong urge to experience as well as learn new things. The humanistic-encouraging culture focus on the organizations that help the employees to develop as well as grow in the organization (Renfrew and Cooke 2014). The people in this type of culture allocate their time as well as attention to the counselling as well as coaching. The emphasis is being laid on the learning aspects of the individuals. The affiliative style of the organizational culture focuses on the treatment of the employees rather than intangible things such as cooperation with others (Fullan 2014). This type of culture reflects interest in the development as well as sustaining of the organizational relationships. The employees share their feelings with others and are cooperative as well as friendly. The passive culture concentrates on expectations of the employees and interacts with others in a way that would not affect their personal security. There are four passive cultural norms such as approval, conventional, avoidance and dependent. In the organizations in which there is dominance of the passive culture, the employees feel the burden to act in a different way than their personal thoughts (Renfrew and Cooke 2014). The employees are expected to please the supervisors and minimize the number of interpersonal relationships. The aggressive cultures focus more on the job tasks rather than employees. This kind of culture is stressful as the employees try to concentrate on the individual needs while the organization tries to emphasize on tasks (Restubog et al. 2015). The decision making in this type of culture is supposed to perform decision making based on status rather than decisions based on expertise. There are several factors associated with this kind ofculture such as oppositional, power, competitive and perfectionistic. There are seven dimensions of organizational culture which are evident in the organizations (Ferraro and Brody 2015). The first dimension is concerned with the team orientation in which the businesses emphasizes on the teamwork as well as collaboration which would capture the strengths of the individual employees. The effective team work enhances the collective product of the organization which is considered to be the sum total of the individual efforts of the team members (Ferraro and Brody 2015). There are a number of ways which can foster the team orientation such as rewards/recognition, merit system, communication channels, appreciation, good interpersonal relationships and others (Morgeson Mitchell and Liu 2015). There are few traits which can be observed in a team such as desire for reaching consensus, open communication, cooperation, accountability for the problems and respecting the views of the other team members. The organizational projects would be done efficiently if the tasks are assigned to the teams based on their skills as well as expertise (Morgeson Mitchell and Liu 2015). The collaborative teams possess responsibility of shared purpose as well as emphasize on the diversity tool for problem solving. The collaborative skills as well as individual contribution of the team members would help the organization to achieve success and gain competitive edge. The second dimension is concerned with the attention to detail. This is concerned with the degree to which the employees of an organization are supposed to exhibit, analysis and attention to the details. The attention to detail is comprised of the ability to gain accuracy as well as thoroughness when the supervisor has asked to accomplish a particular task (Dahlander and Piezunka 2014). This is a unique component embedded in the detail oriented organizational culture in which the company focuses on differentiation and aims to achieve competitive edge. The attention to detail aspect of the culture increases the operational efficiency as well as increases the customer satisfaction rates (Dahlander and Piezunka 2014).. The employees are expected to pay attention to the minute details of the task or responsibility which they are assigned with. The organization expects its employees to be attentive and deliver the tasks allocated to them in a perfect manner (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). Thi s cannot be done with the help of diligent and talented workforce. A good organizational culture would expect that the employees would be accurate in their work which would help them to achieve the organizational objectives. The organization which places high importance to the cultural elements expects that the employees would be performing their work with high degree of precision (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). The third dimension is concerned with the aggressiveness which is focused on the competitive orientation of the employees (Chen and Miller 2015). This aspect of the organizational culture indicates whether the team members are expected to be assertive when are dealing with the competitors. The companies which possess a high aggressive culture put high emphasis on the competitive approach as well as outperforming the competitors. The aggressive cultures focus on the non-confrontational behavior (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). These kinds of companies would focus on the activities which would make them dominant in the market. The organizations which give high emphasis on the cultural aspect foster an environment in which the employees would work for delivering the best products or services in the market and thus gain competitive edge (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). In this type of organizational culture there is less focus on the corporate social responsibility unless and until the organizatio n is a NGO working in the social service sector. This is because the sole objective of this kind of company is to generate profit and increase the competitive position of the company (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). The fourth dimension is concerned with the outcome orientation. The outcome-oriented culture usually concentrates on the results, achievement and action as some of the important values (Day and Dragoni 2015). This type of organizational culture emphasizes on the result oriented work environment. This would allow the employees to work in their own convenient times and from any suitable locations. This kind of organizations does not focus on the results alone but they give high importance to the aspect of culture in the organization (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). This kind of organizations focus on doing the best things for the benefit of the organization. This kind of organizational culture motivates the employees to work in their full potential which would help them to fulfill their individual objectives as well the broader organizational objectives (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). For example, in a sales oriented organization, the employees would go extra miles to bring in more number of or ders and the culture of the organization focuses on the outcome characteristics. The organizations which give high importance to the outcome orientation emphasizes on results or outcomes rather than the organizational processes of achieving them (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). These kinds of cultures hold their employees accountable for the organizational success and utilize the reward systems to motivate the employees. It is important to relate rewards with the performance of the employees which would increase the productivity of the employees (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). The organizations which focus on the performance oriented culture do focus on the outcomes of the company by creating an enriching culture. These kind of companies focus on the performance objectives which lead to increased productivity of the organizations (Denhardt and Catlaw 2014). When there are pressures of performance on the cultures in which unethical behavior is the norm, the individuals start to visualize thei r co-worker as rivals. In this kind of organizational cultures, the short term results are being rewarded. The fifth dimension considers with the stable culture, in which the culture is said to be predictable. This type of organizational culture comprises of the coordination and the alignment of the individual effort so that the organization can achieve greatest level of organizational efficiency (Day Griffin and Louw 2014). If the organizational environment is stable as well as certain, then the culture would help the organization to be effective by delivering constant as well as stable output. This type of culture would block quick action and hence can be a misfit for the dynamic environment. The public sector organizations can be regarded as having stable cultural attributes (Day Griffin and Louw 2014). This type of culture can be compared to a bureaucratic culture in which the management is said to discouraging good ideas during the early stages of development. This kind of culture prevents the employees to implement innovation in the workplace. The sixth dimension is concerned with the people oriented culture, which value supportiveness, fairness and mutual respect (Tao 2015). This kind of organizational culture gives high emphasis on the employee friendly practices. Such organizations put highest importance to fair procedures as well as management styles. The people oriented organizations are able to create a workplace which is fun and the employees are able to achieve work life balance. The employee friendly organizational culture focuses on the treatment of the employees with dignity and respect so that they can achieve the organizational objectives easily. This is being done in a way that the employees do feel motivated to work in the organization. This also creates an environment of trust in which the employees are able to able to have good faith on the policies designed by the organization (Tao 2015). This type of organizational culture also increases the organizational retention rate as less number of people would be likely to leave the organization. This type of organizational culture allows the provision of minimum wage, offering health care services and other benefits to the employees. This kind of organizations also focuses on providing the employees with the best practices so that they feel empowered to work in the organization. The seventh dimension concerns with the innovation and the risk taking. The companies who give high priority to the innovative behavior are flexible as well as adaptable. They prefer to experiment with the new concepts and out of box ideas. The organizations are characterized by flat organizational hierarchy in which there is high importance to focus on the creativity (Laux 2015). These organizations focus on doing the tasks in a different way and devise innovative products or services. These practices are reflected in the organizational performances. The innovative organizational culture focuses on creating ways to improve their work performances. The innovative practices can also be applied to the employee practices by providing greater flexibility policies in the workplace (Laux 2015). The flexibility of the employees in choosing relevant projects also enables them to foster innovation in the workplace. This kind of organizations also focus on the high level of risk taking practic es as the employees would be undertaking risks in the process of creating innovative services and products. The assessment and the evaluation of the risks are important criteria in this kind of organizational culture. There is also a need of communicating the innovative thinking to the rest of the team members. It is also concerned with dealing with negative thinking and gain consensus regarding the accomplishment of the tasks. This kind of organizational culture allows the evaluation of the risks along with recommending the best courses of action. The innovative ideas are put into actual practice and the employees are open to change (Laux 2015). They challenge thinking and they focus on team work to devise fresh approaches to the organizational tasks. The senior management encourages as well as recognizes the innovative behavior of the team members. For example, Google allows its employees to accept risks by encouraging the engineers to allocate 20 % of their work time by choosing their own projects (Steiber 2014). Such organizations give equal emphasis to success as well as failures when the employees are eager to take up challenges. Dick Smith Foods have displayed poor organizational culture which has directly impacted the position of the company in the market. The business has resulted in financial loss and this has affected the overall business operations. The organization finds it difficult to maintain healthy culture in the organization (Dick Smith Foods 2017). The organization is unable to control the actions of the employees which have a direct impact on the organizational culture. The organizational policies are unable to foster employee friendly behavior in the organization. The organization is unable to engage the employees by implementing a rich organizational culture. The employees feel the burden of work and they are not motivated to work in the organization. They are extremely pressurized with job tasks and they dont feel the urge to complete them within the stipulated deadline. This happens due to lack of conformity regarding the organizational vision which would drive the employees to give their o ptimum performance (Dick Smith Foods 2017). If the employees do not have optimum work life balance then they would not be able to give their optimum performance in the workplace. The lack of human resource interference in engaging the employees degrades the culture which is prevalent in the organization. The misfit between the organizational values and the employee values also decreases the job satisfaction of the employee which directly affects the organizational culture. The organization also does not reinforce organizational culture throughout the length and breadth of the organization. The ethics, values and the work environment should be consistent in the organization, which is not the case in the selected organization. The organization is unable to engage the employees in the change process of the organization, which affects the overall organizational culture. It is important to focus on improving the organizational culture. All the members should be involved in the decision making process of the organization. It is important to integrate culture in the organization. The culture should be integrated in natural way so that employees feel that they would be rewarded if they deliver good performances. The happiness of the employees working in the organization is a bigger concept than the employee engagement initiatives. It is concerned with the individual need of the employees so that there can be greater level of engagement in the organizations. The employees of the organizations should embrace the cultural components of the organization, which is essential for success. It is important to constantly optimize the organizational team members. It is important to embrace transparency in the organization and if the employees are given relevant company insights then they would be able to better engage with the clients. It is also important to reco gnize as well as reward the contributions of the team members, which would motivate them to give higher performance in the organization. The organizational culture should promote an atmosphere of strong interpersonal relationships in which the employees would be having mutually benefitting relationships. It is important to embrace employee autonomy in the workplace which would enrich the organizational culture. The creation of an environment of empowerment and trust would enhance the organization to enrich the prevailing culture. This would also make the employees to make right decisions in the organization. This would make the employees an integral part of the company success, which would motivate the employees. It is also important for the organization to focus on flexibility of the employees with respect to the work schedule, work timings and the degree of autonomy. The organization should make sure that the employees have sufficient work life balance which would help them to foc us on work in a better manner. The employees should be appreciated for their good work and they should be involved in the decision making process of the organization. The organization should strive to create a culture in which the employees are comfortable to carry out their day to day job duties. Conclusion The organizational culture focuses on one of the most crucial factors of organizational success. There have been numerous studies in which focus has been laid on improving the organizational culture. This is one of the most important management jobs which need to be taken care of. This essay discussed several characteristics of the organization such as innovation, attention to detail, fairness orientation, nature of the team members and assertive behavior. The importance of the organizational culture should be emphasized so that the organization gains success on the market. It is also important for increasing the productivity of the employees as well as gains a competitive edge. This essay also displays the role of managers in determining the organizational culture. They are responsible for creating a climate of change, leadership, foster engagement as well as empowerment and team orientation. There are several models used in improving the organizational culture. These are Hofstedes cultural dimension theory, Edgar Schein model and Cooke model of organizational culture which are discussed in the essay. 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